The Story of Bacardi Rum:
A Revolutionary Spirit

Rum has long been associated with the sword-wielding, one-eyed pirate of days past. No one has done more to transform that image than Don Facundo Bacardi Massó.

But the story of Bacardi Rum is not exclusively Facundo Bacardi's to tell. It is impossible to separate Bacardi from Cuba or Cuba from Bacardi. The story of Rum is about a man, a company, and a country.

The story of Rum is the story of the Caribbean.

The Creation Story: Facundo Bacardi & the Birth of Modern Rum

The patriarch of the Bacardi clan was only sixteen when he migrated from Spain to work in the family's hardware store in Cuba. But the streets of Santiago de Cuba in the 1800s was an intriguing place. It wasn't long before young Facundo found himself traveling the narrow cobblestone alleys and long, winding roads in search of the heart of Cuban culture.

Rum, of course, was at the very center of that enterprise. But it was a harsh, dark brew with "an unpleasantly musty taste and smell." Aguardiente, as the Cuban Rum of the era was called (literally "burning water"), was shunned by polite society.

Bacardi dreamed of refining Rum and opening up vast new markets for its consumption. After all, the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) had displaced the "Pearl of the Antilles" as the biggest sugar producer of the time. Within a few short years, Cuban planters had managed to fill the void. Sugar production led to molasses, which led to Rum. Cuba was awash with the raw materials necessary to make good quality Rum.

Bacardi experimented with various distillation methods and began aging the Rum in oak barrels. Soon, he and his wife Amalia purchased a distillery on the outskirts of Santiago to expand production.

When Amalia first walked into the distillery, she was greeted by a colony of fruit bats intent on making their presence known.

As the story goes, Bacardi immediately realized he had found a logo for his new company. Bats were the symbol of good health, fortune, and family unity. The bats did their job. It wasn't long before Bacardi Rum found its way into the most exclusive Gentlemen's Clubs and drawing rooms in both the Old and New World.

But just as Facundo Bacardi ushered in a revolutionary new era in Rum production, Cuban freedom fighters were brewing their own rebellion.

Rum and Revolution

The Island's inhabitants chafed at Spain's brutal and repressive governance of its sugar-rich colony. Nineteenth century Cuban Revolutionaries like Antonio Maceo, Maximo Gomez and Jose Marti fought for independence on the battle front, but the Bacardi family fought through more clandestine means.

Emilio Bacardi (right), who would take over the company from his father, provided funds to the freedom fighters. Equally as perilous, he would often refuse to pay the taxes levied by representatives of the Spanish Crown.

It was in the Cuban struggle for independence against Spain (1895-1898) that the Bacardi family's revolutionary spirit was born. That spirit lived on long after the Spanish were gone. The Bacardis were again active participants in the seminal battle for the future of Cuba: The Cuban Revolution of 1959. Initially, the family supported Fidel Castro in his efforts to overthrow the despotic rule of U.S.-backed dictator Fulgencio Batista. But it soon became apparent the two sides had deeply divergent interests.

The Bacardi family fled Cuba and dispersed to The Bahamas, Puerto Rico and elsewhere in the Caribbean and the United States. It is said that on the day they left Cuba, the fertile coconut palm tree that graced the entrance of their Cuban distillery withered and died.

It was to have marked the end of the Bacardi family's ties to Cuba.

The Struggle Continues: Bacardi and Cuba's Deathless War

Those of us who study international trade recognize the battle between Cuba and Bacardi has never truly ended. The warring parties have simply moved the battlefield into the courtroom and the political arena.

For years, Bacardi and the Cuban government have been locked in conflict over who legally has the right to market the name "Havana Club." The original trademark was owned by a Cuban family who sold the rights to Bacardi in 1997.

Bacardi has been producing Rum under that label in its plant in Puerto Rico, and has sold its Havana Club in the United States and elsewhere. Alas, "Havana Club" is also produced in Cuba by a company that benefited when Fidel Castro nationalized private Cuban businesses back in 1960.

The question of who owns the rights to Havana Club has become an international sensation embroiling Cuba, the United States, Spain, France, Japan, Nicaragua and the European Union. It is a question that has winded its way through the Spanish courts, as well the U.S. federal court system. (For a taste of the U.S. dispute, see Havana Club Holding, S.A. v. Galleon S.A., 203 F.3d 116 (2d Cir. 2000)). The issue has been subject to much political posturing and late night machinations leading to the adoption of The Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act of 1999.

The federal legislation sought to exempt Cuban trademarks that had been nationalized by the Castro regime from intellectual property rights protections. In 2002, the legislation itself became a subject of dispute before the World Trade Organization--which ultimately ruled against the United States.

The Bacardi-Cuba battle is one without end. Rum serves merely as a proxy in the love/hate relationship of a family, a company, and a country forever intertwined.

Conclusion

My visit to Bacardi's Puerto Rican distillery was the last in a whirlwind seven day tour of the Caribbean.

As I stood in the company's famed courtyard, reminiscent of a Spanish colonial grand home, I could not help but reflect on how much of the Caribbean experience was represented in those walls.

Bacardi is firmly planted in Puerto Rico, an island with a rich European colonial past and an intimate--if complex--relationship with the United States.

But like immigrants the world over, Bacardi longs to go home. That desire is reflected in the old relics preserved with museum-like attention to detail in the distillery's welcome room: a painting of the old patriarch, Don Facundo Bacardi Massó, in his drawing room in Santiago; old letters behind covered glass in neatly-scripted Spanish cataloging the progress of the Cuban distillery; ancient oak barrels good only for their memories; even a plastic, life-sized replica of the palm tree that once stood on Cuban soil protecting the company's Cuban legacy.

It is in this sense of displacement and longing, hunger and appeasement that Bacardi's story reminds me of the story of so many Caribbean immigrants.

The story of the Caribbean is one of forced migration and loss, but it is also a story of love. It doesn't matter how you got there, once you arrive in the Caribbean you cannot help but fall in love with its beauty and its people. And when you leave, you long to return, if only for the occasional visit.

Luckily, a good bottle of Rum preserves the memories until the next Caribbean interlude!



*pic of my sister and I standing at a point in which the Atlantic Ocean meets the Caribbean Sea.

Suggested Reading:

Tom Gjelten, Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba: Biography of a Cause

Casa Bacardi, The Official Website of Bacardi Ltd.